diff --git a/artifacts/tx-os/src/pages/executive-meetings.tsx b/artifacts/tx-os/src/pages/executive-meetings.tsx
index 586b61f6..d0f9c0e4 100644
--- a/artifacts/tx-os/src/pages/executive-meetings.tsx
+++ b/artifacts/tx-os/src/pages/executive-meetings.tsx
@@ -3590,9 +3590,13 @@ function AttendeeFlow({
     <ul className="flex flex-wrap justify-center items-baseline gap-x-4 gap-y-0.5 text-[#0B1E3F] leading-snug">
       {/* Top "+ عنوان فرعي" chip — lets the user start the cell with a
           labeled section, slotted BEFORE the first existing item. We
-          only render it when the cell already has at least one item;
-          for empty cells the trailing "+ subheading" button suffices. */}
-      {showAdd && items.length > 0 && (
+          render it for empty cells (so the user can begin the cell
+          with a heading) and for cells that already contain at least
+          one subheading (so the user can prepend a new section). For
+          cells that contain only persons and no subheadings we keep
+          the original visual unchanged — the trailing "+ subheading"
+          button below is the sole subheading affordance there. */}
+      {showAdd && (items.length === 0 || hasAnySubheading) && (
         <li
           key="add-subheading-top"
           className="basis-full flex justify-center print:hidden"
@@ -3601,7 +3605,11 @@ function AttendeeFlow({
           <button
             type="button"
             onClick={() =>
-              onStartAdd!(addType, "subheading", items[0].i)
+              onStartAdd!(
+                addType,
+                "subheading",
+                items.length > 0 ? items[0].i : undefined,
+              )
             }
             data-testid={`em-add-subheading-top-${addType}`}
             aria-label={addSubheadingLabel}
@@ -3657,6 +3665,39 @@ function AttendeeFlow({
               )}
             </li>,
           );
+          // Empty-section boundary: this subheading starts a section
+          // that has zero persons (the next item is ANOTHER subheading,
+          // i.e. the section it leads is empty). The user still needs a
+          // way to insert a NEW subheading between this section and the
+          // next one — so render the after-section chip right after the
+          // subheading itself. The trailing-section case (no next item)
+          // is intentionally skipped: the trailing "+ عنوان فرعي"
+          // button at the cell's end already covers that slot.
+          const nextItemForSub = items[listIdx + 1];
+          const nextSubIsSubheading =
+            nextItemForSub &&
+            (nextItemForSub.a.kind ?? "person") === "subheading";
+          if (showAdd && nextSubIsSubheading) {
+            nodes.push(
+              <li
+                key={`add-sub-after-${i}`}
+                className="basis-full flex justify-center print:hidden"
+                data-testid={`em-add-subheading-after-row-${i}`}
+              >
+                <button
+                  type="button"
+                  onClick={() =>
+                    onStartAdd!(addType, "subheading", i + 1)
+                  }
+                  data-testid={`em-add-subheading-after-${i}`}
+                  aria-label={addSubheadingLabel}
+                  className="text-[10px] text-blue-600 hover:text-blue-700 hover:bg-blue-50 rounded-full px-2 py-0.5 min-h-[1.25rem] border border-dashed border-blue-300 hover:border-blue-500 transition-colors"
+                >
+                  {addSubheadingLabel}
+                </button>
+              </li>,
+            );
+          }
           return nodes;
         }
         // Person row — section-local 0-based index pre-computed above.
diff --git a/artifacts/tx-os/tests/executive-meetings-attendee-insert-reorder.spec.mjs b/artifacts/tx-os/tests/executive-meetings-attendee-insert-reorder.spec.mjs
index 73f051df..0803e5c7 100644
--- a/artifacts/tx-os/tests/executive-meetings-attendee-insert-reorder.spec.mjs
+++ b/artifacts/tx-os/tests/executive-meetings-attendee-insert-reorder.spec.mjs
@@ -167,31 +167,104 @@ const langOffsets2 = { en: 3, ar: 4 };
 const langOffsets3 = { en: 5, ar: 6 };
 
 for (const lang of ["en", "ar"]) {
-  test(`Schedule [${lang}]: top "+ subheading" chip inserts a subheading at slot 0 of the cell`, async ({
+  test(`Schedule [${lang}]: top "+ subheading" chip on an EMPTY cell starts a pending subheading at slot 0`, async ({
     page,
   }) => {
     const date = uniqueFutureDate(langOffsets[lang]);
     const meetingId = await insertMeeting({
       meetingDate: date,
       dailyNumber: 1,
-      titleEn: `Top Subheading ${lang} ${Date.now().toString(36)}`,
-      titleAr: `عنوان فرعي علوي ${lang} ${Date.now().toString(36)}`,
+      titleEn: `Top Subheading Empty ${lang} ${Date.now().toString(36)}`,
+      titleAr: `عنوان فرعي علوي فارغ ${lang} ${Date.now().toString(36)}`,
       startTime: "09:00:00",
       endTime: "10:00:00",
     });
-    // Seed: two internal persons, no subheadings. The top chip should
-    // render BEFORE PersonAlpha and click-to-insert at attendees idx 0,
-    // pushing both persons down by one slot.
+    // No attendees seeded — the cell is empty. The top chip should
+    // render in the empty AttendeeFlow group (default addType = internal)
+    // and click-to-insert a subheading at slot 0 of the cell.
+
+    await setAdminPreferredLanguage(lang);
+    try {
+      await loginViaUi(page);
+      await page.goto("/executive-meetings");
+      await expect(page.locator("html")).toHaveAttribute("lang", lang, {
+        timeout: 5_000,
+      });
+      await page.locator('input[type="date"]').first().fill(date);
+
+      const row = page.getByTestId(`em-row-${meetingId}`);
+      await expect(row).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 });
+      await ensureEditMode(page);
+
+      // Top "+ subheading" chip lives at the very top of the
+      // AttendeeFlow group. For an empty meeting the default
+      // single-group addType is "internal".
+      const topChip = row.getByTestId("em-add-subheading-top-internal");
+      await expect(topChip).toBeVisible({ timeout: 10_000 });
+      await topChip.click();
+
+      // The pending subheading ghost <li> appears with a Tiptap editor.
+      const pending = row.getByTestId("em-add-subheading-pending-internal");
+      await expect(pending).toBeVisible({ timeout: 5_000 });
+      const editor = pending.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first();
+      await expect(editor).toBeVisible({ timeout: 5_000 });
+      await editor.click();
+      await editor.fill("FirstSection");
+      // Blur to commit by clicking somewhere unrelated.
+      await page.locator("body").click({ position: { x: 5, y: 5 } });
+
+      // After the round-trip the cell should show 0 person rows + 1
+      // subheading at slot 0.
+      await expect(
+        row.locator('[data-testid^="em-attendee-subheading-"]'),
+      ).toHaveCount(1, { timeout: 10_000 });
+      await expect(
+        row.locator('[data-testid^="em-attendee-row-"]'),
+      ).toHaveCount(0);
+
+      const persisted = await getAttendeesOrdered(meetingId);
+      const stripTags = (s) => s.replace(/<[^>]+>/g, "").trim();
+      const orderedNames = persisted.map((r) => stripTags(r.name));
+      expect(orderedNames).toEqual(["FirstSection"]);
+      expect(persisted.map((r) => r.kind)).toEqual(["subheading"]);
+      expect(persisted.map((r) => r.sort_order)).toEqual([0]);
+    } finally {
+      if (originalAdminPreferredLanguage) {
+        await setAdminPreferredLanguage(originalAdminPreferredLanguage).catch(
+          () => {
+            /* best-effort; afterAll also restores */
+          },
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  test(`Schedule [${lang}]: top "+ subheading" chip is NOT rendered on a flat list with zero subheadings`, async ({
+    page,
+  }) => {
+    const date = uniqueFutureDate(langOffsets[lang] + 50);
+    const meetingId = await insertMeeting({
+      meetingDate: date,
+      dailyNumber: 3,
+      titleEn: `No Top Subheading ${lang} ${Date.now().toString(36)}`,
+      titleAr: `بدون عنوان فرعي علوي ${lang} ${Date.now().toString(36)}`,
+      startTime: "09:00:00",
+      endTime: "10:00:00",
+    });
+    // A flat list of persons, no subheadings. Per the task spec, this
+    // configuration must remain visually unchanged: the top chip must
+    // NOT render here so the cell still looks exactly like it did
+    // before Task #227.
     await insertAttendee({
       meetingId,
-      name: "PersonAlpha",
+      name: "FlatPersonAlpha",
       attendanceType: "internal",
       sortOrder: 0,
       kind: "person",
     });
     await insertAttendee({
       meetingId,
-      name: "PersonBeta",
+      name: "FlatPersonBeta",
       attendanceType: "internal",
       sortOrder: 1,
       kind: "person",
@@ -210,45 +283,27 @@ for (const lang of ["en", "ar"]) {
       await expect(row).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 });
       await ensureEditMode(page);
 
-      // Top "+ subheading" chip lives at the very top of the
-      // AttendeeFlow group, addType = internal here.
-      const topChip = row.getByTestId("em-add-subheading-top-internal");
-      await expect(topChip).toBeVisible({ timeout: 10_000 });
-      await topChip.click();
-
-      // The pending subheading ghost <li> appears with a Tiptap editor.
-      const pending = row.getByTestId("em-add-subheading-pending-internal");
-      await expect(pending).toBeVisible({ timeout: 5_000 });
-      const editor = pending.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first();
-      await expect(editor).toBeVisible({ timeout: 5_000 });
-      await editor.click();
-      await editor.fill("TopSection");
-      // Blur to commit by clicking somewhere unrelated.
-      await page.locator("body").click({ position: { x: 5, y: 5 } });
-
-      // After the round-trip the cell should show 2 person rows + 1
-      // subheading.
+      // Both persons rendered, no subheading rows.
       await expect(
         row.locator('[data-testid^="em-attendee-row-"]'),
       ).toHaveCount(2, { timeout: 10_000 });
       await expect(
         row.locator('[data-testid^="em-attendee-subheading-"]'),
-      ).toHaveCount(1);
+      ).toHaveCount(0);
 
-      const persisted = await getAttendeesOrdered(meetingId);
-      const stripTags = (s) => s.replace(/<[^>]+>/g, "").trim();
-      const orderedNames = persisted.map((r) => stripTags(r.name));
-      expect(orderedNames).toEqual([
-        "TopSection",
-        "PersonAlpha",
-        "PersonBeta",
-      ]);
-      expect(persisted.map((r) => r.kind)).toEqual([
-        "subheading",
-        "person",
-        "person",
-      ]);
-      expect(persisted.map((r) => r.sort_order)).toEqual([0, 1, 2]);
+      // Top chip must NOT exist — preserves the pre-#227 visual.
+      await expect(
+        row.getByTestId("em-add-subheading-top-internal"),
+      ).toHaveCount(0);
+      // After-section chip must not exist either (no sections).
+      await expect(
+        row.locator('[data-testid^="em-add-subheading-after-"]'),
+      ).toHaveCount(0);
+      // The trailing "+ subheading" button still exists so users can
+      // start sectioning the cell when they want.
+      await expect(
+        row.getByTestId("em-add-subheading-internal"),
+      ).toBeVisible();
     } finally {
       if (originalAdminPreferredLanguage) {
         await setAdminPreferredLanguage(originalAdminPreferredLanguage).catch(
@@ -383,6 +438,104 @@ for (const lang of ["en", "ar"]) {
     }
   });
 
+  test(`Schedule [${lang}]: after-section "+ subheading" chip renders after an EMPTY section (consecutive subheadings)`, async ({
+    page,
+  }) => {
+    const date = uniqueFutureDate(langOffsets[lang] + 200);
+    const meetingId = await insertMeeting({
+      meetingDate: date,
+      dailyNumber: 4,
+      titleEn: `Empty Section ${lang} ${Date.now().toString(36)}`,
+      titleAr: `قسم فارغ ${lang} ${Date.now().toString(36)}`,
+      startTime: "09:00:00",
+      endTime: "10:00:00",
+    });
+    // Seed: [SubA, SubB, PersonZ]. SubA leads an EMPTY section (next
+    // item is also a subheading). The user must be able to insert a
+    // new subheading at the boundary between SubA and SubB — the chip
+    // is rendered AFTER SubA (testid em-add-subheading-after-0,
+    // insertAtIndex=1).
+    await insertAttendee({
+      meetingId,
+      name: "SubA",
+      attendanceType: "internal",
+      sortOrder: 0,
+      kind: "subheading",
+    });
+    await insertAttendee({
+      meetingId,
+      name: "SubB",
+      attendanceType: "internal",
+      sortOrder: 1,
+      kind: "subheading",
+    });
+    await insertAttendee({
+      meetingId,
+      name: "PersonZ",
+      attendanceType: "internal",
+      sortOrder: 2,
+      kind: "person",
+    });
+
+    await setAdminPreferredLanguage(lang);
+    try {
+      await loginViaUi(page);
+      await page.goto("/executive-meetings");
+      await expect(page.locator("html")).toHaveAttribute("lang", lang, {
+        timeout: 5_000,
+      });
+      await page.locator('input[type="date"]').first().fill(date);
+
+      const row = page.getByTestId(`em-row-${meetingId}`);
+      await expect(row).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 });
+      await ensureEditMode(page);
+
+      // The empty-section chip lives right after SubA (idx 0), since
+      // SubB at idx 1 is also a subheading.
+      const chip = row.getByTestId("em-add-subheading-after-0");
+      await expect(chip).toBeVisible({ timeout: 10_000 });
+      await chip.click();
+
+      const pending = row.getByTestId("em-add-subheading-pending-internal");
+      await expect(pending).toBeVisible({ timeout: 5_000 });
+      const editor = pending.locator('[contenteditable="true"]').first();
+      await expect(editor).toBeVisible({ timeout: 5_000 });
+      await editor.click();
+      await editor.fill("InsertedMid");
+      await page.locator("body").click({ position: { x: 5, y: 5 } });
+
+      await expect(
+        row.locator('[data-testid^="em-attendee-subheading-"]'),
+      ).toHaveCount(3, { timeout: 10_000 });
+
+      const persisted = await getAttendeesOrdered(meetingId);
+      const stripTags = (s) => s.replace(/<[^>]+>/g, "").trim();
+      const orderedNames = persisted.map((r) => stripTags(r.name));
+      // The new subheading must land at idx 1 (between SubA and SubB).
+      expect(orderedNames).toEqual([
+        "SubA",
+        "InsertedMid",
+        "SubB",
+        "PersonZ",
+      ]);
+      expect(persisted.map((r) => r.kind)).toEqual([
+        "subheading",
+        "subheading",
+        "subheading",
+        "person",
+      ]);
+      expect(persisted.map((r) => r.sort_order)).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 3]);
+    } finally {
+      if (originalAdminPreferredLanguage) {
+        await setAdminPreferredLanguage(originalAdminPreferredLanguage).catch(
+          () => {
+            /* best-effort; afterAll also restores */
+          },
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
   test(`Manage [${lang}]: drag handle reorders attendees inside the dialog`, async ({
     page,
   }) => {