diff --git a/artifacts/api-server/src/lib/pdf-renderer.ts b/artifacts/api-server/src/lib/pdf-renderer.ts
index aab778ba..f913c416 100644
--- a/artifacts/api-server/src/lib/pdf-renderer.ts
+++ b/artifacts/api-server/src/lib/pdf-renderer.ts
@@ -19,6 +19,12 @@ export type PdfMeetingAttendee = {
   name: string;
   title: string | null;
   attendanceType?: string | null;
+  // "person" (default) or "subheading". The renderer skips subheadings
+  // for the running attendee number and prints them as "— label —".
+  // Typed as a plain string (rather than the literal union) because the
+  // DB column is just a varchar; the renderer normalises unknown values
+  // back to "person" at the comparison site.
+  kind?: string | null;
 };
 
 export type PdfMeeting = {
@@ -524,13 +530,28 @@ export async function renderSchedulePdf(input: RenderPdfInput): Promise<Buffer>
         text:
           meeting.attendees.length === 0
             ? "—"
-            : meeting.attendees
-                .map((a, idx) => {
-                  const name = htmlToPlain(a.name);
-                  const t = a.title?.trim();
-                  return `${idx + 1}- ${name}${t ? ` (${t})` : ""}`;
-                })
-                .join("\n"),
+            : (() => {
+                // Walking person counter — subheadings are non-numbered
+                // labels, so they don't advance the index. Same logic as
+                // the on-screen AttendeeFlow and the print page.
+                let personIdx = 0;
+                return meeting.attendees
+                  .map((a) => {
+                    const isSub = (a.kind ?? "person") === "subheading";
+                    const name = htmlToPlain(a.name);
+                    if (isSub) {
+                      // Brackets keep subheadings visually distinct in the
+                      // monospace plain-text PDF cell where bold/colour
+                      // can't carry. Adapter prefix is non-numeric so a
+                      // human reader can scan it as "section label".
+                      return `— ${name} —`;
+                    }
+                    personIdx += 1;
+                    const t = a.title?.trim();
+                    return `${personIdx}- ${name}${t ? ` (${t})` : ""}`;
+                  })
+                  .join("\n");
+              })(),
         align: alignment(input.font, isRtl),
       },
       {
diff --git a/artifacts/api-server/src/routes/executive-meetings.ts b/artifacts/api-server/src/routes/executive-meetings.ts
index 2a869c76..ee582dae 100644
--- a/artifacts/api-server/src/routes/executive-meetings.ts
+++ b/artifacts/api-server/src/routes/executive-meetings.ts
@@ -61,6 +61,13 @@ router.param("id", (req, res, next, value) => {
 const PLATFORMS = ["none", "webex", "teams", "zoom", "other"] as const;
 const STATUSES = ["scheduled", "cancelled", "completed", "postponed"] as const;
 const ATTENDANCE_TYPES = ["internal", "virtual", "external"] as const;
+// "person" is the default for backwards compatibility — every existing row
+// is backfilled to this kind. "subheading" rows are user-defined section
+// labels that live in the same attendees array as persons but must be
+// excluded from numbering, attendee counts, and virtual-platform-name
+// extraction. They share `attendance_type` and `sort_order` with persons
+// so a subheading "belongs" to exactly one attendance-type group.
+const ATTENDEE_KINDS = ["person", "subheading"] as const;
 // Schedule column ids that the merge-cells overlay can span. Kept in
 // sync with the frontend ColumnId enum in
 // artifacts/tx-os/src/pages/executive-meetings.tsx.
@@ -192,10 +199,16 @@ const positiveIntSchema = z.number().int().positive();
 // so we allow up to ~10k bytes for titles and ~5k for attendee names. The
 // sanitizer strips disallowed tags/attrs before persistence.
 const attendeeSchema = z.object({
+  // For persons this is sanitized rich-text HTML (Tiptap output).
+  // For subheadings this is the user's free-text label, also passed
+  // through sanitizeRichText to strip any sneaky markup. Both kinds
+  // require at least one non-whitespace character; an empty string is
+  // a delete-row gesture in the inline editor and must never reach the DB.
   name: z.string().trim().min(1).max(5000),
   title: z.string().trim().max(200).nullable().optional(),
   attendanceType: z.enum(ATTENDANCE_TYPES).default("internal"),
   sortOrder: z.number().int().min(0).optional(),
+  kind: z.enum(ATTENDEE_KINDS).default("person"),
 });
 
 const meetingBaseFields = {
@@ -674,6 +687,7 @@ router.post(
               title: sanitizePlainTextOrNull(a.title),
               attendanceType: a.attendanceType,
               sortOrder: a.sortOrder ?? idx,
+              kind: a.kind,
             })),
           );
         }
@@ -792,6 +806,7 @@ router.patch(
                 title: sanitizePlainTextOrNull(a.title),
                 attendanceType: a.attendanceType,
                 sortOrder: a.sortOrder ?? idx,
+                kind: a.kind,
               })),
             );
           }
@@ -891,6 +906,7 @@ router.put(
             title: sanitizePlainTextOrNull(a.title),
             attendanceType: a.attendanceType,
             sortOrder: a.sortOrder ?? idx,
+            kind: a.kind,
           })),
         );
       }
@@ -965,6 +981,9 @@ router.post(
               title: sanitizePlainTextOrNull(a.title),
               attendanceType: a.attendanceType,
               sortOrder: a.sortOrder ?? idx,
+              // Carry custom subheadings into the duplicated meeting so the
+              // user does not lose their group structure on duplicate.
+              kind: a.kind,
             })),
           );
         }
@@ -2307,6 +2326,9 @@ router.get(
             name: a.name,
             title: a.title,
             attendanceType: a.attendanceType,
+            // Forward the row kind so the renderer can render subheadings
+            // as labels rather than numbered attendees.
+            kind: a.kind,
           })),
         })),
       });
diff --git a/artifacts/tx-os/src/locales/ar.json b/artifacts/tx-os/src/locales/ar.json
index d66321bb..fd3ed110 100644
--- a/artifacts/tx-os/src/locales/ar.json
+++ b/artifacts/tx-os/src/locales/ar.json
@@ -883,11 +883,14 @@
       "timeEnd": "وقت النهاية",
       "timeOrderError": "وقت النهاية قبل وقت البداية",
       "addAttendee": "أضف حاضر",
+      "addSubheading": "+ عنوان فرعي",
       "addVirtualAttendee": "+ حاضر عبر الاتصال المرئي",
       "addInternalAttendee": "+ حاضر داخلي",
       "addExternalAttendee": "+ حاضر خارجي",
       "newAttendeeAria": "اسم الحاضر الجديد",
       "editAttendeeAria": "تعديل اسم الحاضر",
+      "newSubheadingAria": "نص العنوان الفرعي الجديد",
+      "editSubheadingAria": "تعديل نص العنوان الفرعي",
       "deleteRow": "حذف الاجتماع",
       "deleteRowConfirm": "حذف هذا الاجتماع؟\n\n\"{{title}}\"\n\nلا يمكن التراجع عن هذا الإجراء.",
       "deleted": "تم حذف الاجتماع",
@@ -983,6 +986,9 @@
         "id": "رقم الحاضر",
         "type": "نوع الحضور",
         "add": "إضافة حاضر",
+        "addSubheading": "إضافة عنوان فرعي",
+        "subheadingName": "نص العنوان الفرعي",
+        "subheadingBadge": "عنوان فرعي",
         "remove": "إزالة",
         "moveUp": "تحريك للأعلى",
         "moveDown": "تحريك للأسفل",
diff --git a/artifacts/tx-os/src/locales/en.json b/artifacts/tx-os/src/locales/en.json
index ec33dcba..2eae83b8 100644
--- a/artifacts/tx-os/src/locales/en.json
+++ b/artifacts/tx-os/src/locales/en.json
@@ -836,11 +836,14 @@
       "timeEnd": "End time",
       "timeOrderError": "End time is before start time",
       "addAttendee": "Add attendee",
+      "addSubheading": "+ subheading",
       "addVirtualAttendee": "+ Virtual",
       "addInternalAttendee": "+ Internal",
       "addExternalAttendee": "+ External",
       "newAttendeeAria": "New attendee name",
       "editAttendeeAria": "Edit attendee name",
+      "newSubheadingAria": "New subheading label",
+      "editSubheadingAria": "Edit subheading label",
       "deleteRow": "Delete meeting",
       "deleteRowConfirm": "Delete this meeting?\n\n\"{{title}}\"\n\nThis cannot be undone.",
       "deleted": "Meeting deleted",
@@ -920,6 +923,9 @@
         "id": "Attendee ID",
         "type": "Attendance type",
         "add": "Add attendee",
+        "addSubheading": "Add subheading",
+        "subheadingName": "Subheading label",
+        "subheadingBadge": "Subheading",
         "remove": "Remove",
         "moveUp": "Move up",
         "moveDown": "Move down",
diff --git a/artifacts/tx-os/src/pages/executive-meetings-print.tsx b/artifacts/tx-os/src/pages/executive-meetings-print.tsx
index ea2fb9db..44525a45 100644
--- a/artifacts/tx-os/src/pages/executive-meetings-print.tsx
+++ b/artifacts/tx-os/src/pages/executive-meetings-print.tsx
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ type Attendee = {
   title: string | null;
   attendanceType: "internal" | "external" | "online";
   sortOrder: number;
+  // Optional so older API snapshots without the column still parse;
+  // missing values are treated as "person" downstream.
+  kind?: "person" | "subheading";
 };
 
 type Meeting = {
@@ -173,6 +176,19 @@ export default function ExecutiveMeetingsPrintPage() {
           color: #6b7280;
           margin-inline-end: 4px;
         }
+        /* Subheading rows: bold separator labels between persons. */
+        .em-print-attendees .em-print-subheading {
+          font-weight: 700;
+          color: #0B1E3F;
+          margin-top: 4px;
+          padding-top: 2px;
+          border-top: 1px dashed #cbd5e1;
+        }
+        .em-print-attendees .em-print-subheading:first-child {
+          margin-top: 0;
+          padding-top: 0;
+          border-top: 0;
+        }
       `}</style>
 
       <div className="no-print flex items-center justify-between px-6 py-3 border-b border-gray-200 bg-gray-50">
@@ -258,26 +274,53 @@ export default function ExecutiveMeetingsPrintPage() {
                             className="em-print-attendees"
                             data-testid={`em-print-attendees-${m.id}`}
                           >
-                            {attendees.map((a, idx) => (
-                              <div key={a.id ?? idx}>
-                                <span className="em-print-attendee-num">
-                                  {idx + 1}-
-                                </span>
-                                {/* a.name comes from the API already
-                                    sanitized by sanitizeRichText. a.title
-                                    is *not* rich text — render it as a
-                                    plain text node so an attacker who
-                                    smuggles HTML into the title field
-                                    cannot escape into <script> tags on
-                                    the print page. */}
-                                <span
-                                  dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{
-                                    __html: safeHtml(a.name),
-                                  }}
-                                />
-                                {a.title ? <span> ({a.title})</span> : null}
-                              </div>
-                            ))}
+                            {(() => {
+                              // Walking person counter — subheadings are
+                              // labels, so they don't advance the print
+                              // index. Mirrors AttendeeFlow on screen.
+                              let personIdx = 0;
+                              return attendees.map((a, idx) => {
+                                const isSub =
+                                  (a.kind ?? "person") === "subheading";
+                                if (isSub) {
+                                  return (
+                                    <div
+                                      key={a.id ?? `sub-${idx}`}
+                                      className="em-print-subheading"
+                                      data-testid={`em-print-subheading-${m.id}-${idx}`}
+                                    >
+                                      <span
+                                        dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{
+                                          __html: safeHtml(a.name),
+                                        }}
+                                      />
+                                    </div>
+                                  );
+                                }
+                                const myIdx = personIdx;
+                                personIdx += 1;
+                                return (
+                                  <div key={a.id ?? idx}>
+                                    <span className="em-print-attendee-num">
+                                      {myIdx + 1}-
+                                    </span>
+                                    {/* a.name comes from the API already
+                                        sanitized by sanitizeRichText.
+                                        a.title is *not* rich text —
+                                        render it as a plain text node so
+                                        an attacker who smuggles HTML into
+                                        the title field cannot escape into
+                                        <script> tags on the print page. */}
+                                    <span
+                                      dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{
+                                        __html: safeHtml(a.name),
+                                      }}
+                                    />
+                                    {a.title ? <span> ({a.title})</span> : null}
+                                  </div>
+                                );
+                              });
+                            })()}
                           </div>
                         )}
                       </td>
diff --git a/artifacts/tx-os/src/pages/executive-meetings.tsx b/artifacts/tx-os/src/pages/executive-meetings.tsx
index a15b96a0..3e808b83 100644
--- a/artifacts/tx-os/src/pages/executive-meetings.tsx
+++ b/artifacts/tx-os/src/pages/executive-meetings.tsx
@@ -95,10 +95,21 @@ import { formatTime as i18nFormatTime } from "@/lib/i18n-format";
 type Attendee = {
   id?: number;
   meetingId?: number;
+  // For persons: sanitized rich-text HTML name (Tiptap output).
+  // For subheadings: the user's free-text section label.
   name: string;
   title: string | null;
   attendanceType: "internal" | "virtual" | "external";
   sortOrder: number;
+  // "person"     — a normal attendee row (rendered in AttendeeFlow with a
+  //                running "1-, 2-…" index that skips subheadings).
+  // "subheading" — a user-defined label that lives between persons inside
+  //                the same attendance-type group. Excluded from numbering,
+  //                attendee count, and virtual-platform-name extraction.
+  // Optional in the type so older snapshots and any in-flight code paths
+  // that don't set it explicitly default to "person" — same as the DB and
+  // Zod defaults.
+  kind?: "person" | "subheading";
 };
 
 type Meeting = {
@@ -900,7 +911,8 @@ function ScheduleSection({
       // Detect "truly empty" content: Tiptap empty paragraphs, &nbsp;, or
       // pure whitespace. When the attendee's name is cleared we treat the
       // edit as a delete-row gesture and remove the attendee instead of
-      // saving an empty record.
+      // saving an empty record. The same gesture deletes a custom
+      // subheading row (clear the label text → row disappears on blur).
       const isEmpty =
         html
           .replace(/<[^>]*>/g, "")
@@ -926,6 +938,9 @@ function ScheduleSection({
               title: a.title,
               attendanceType: a.attendanceType,
               sortOrder: a.sortOrder,
+              // Round-trip the row kind so an inline edit of a person row
+              // can't silently demote a sibling subheading back to default.
+              kind: a.kind ?? "person",
             })),
           },
         });
@@ -956,9 +971,12 @@ function ScheduleSection({
   // We allow at most one pending attendee at a time across the whole
   // page — the AttendeesCell hides "+" buttons elsewhere while a ghost
   // row is open so the user can't accidentally orphan their typing.
+  // The same ghost is reused for "+ subheading" (kind = "subheading")
+  // so the one-at-a-time rule covers both gestures uniformly.
   type PendingAttendee = {
     meetingId: number;
     attendanceType: Attendee["attendanceType"];
+    kind: "person" | "subheading";
     // Bumped each time the user clicks "+" so React remounts the ghost
     // EditableCell (giving it a fresh editor and focus).
     key: number;
@@ -978,14 +996,18 @@ function ScheduleSection({
   }, [effectiveCanMutate, pendingAttendee]);
 
   const startAddAttendee = useCallback(
-    (meetingId: number, attendanceType: Attendee["attendanceType"]) => {
+    (
+      meetingId: number,
+      attendanceType: Attendee["attendanceType"],
+      kind: "person" | "subheading" = "person",
+    ) => {
       // Only one ghost row may be open at a time across the whole page.
       // We refuse a new start while another is pending — the user must
       // first commit (blur with text) or cancel (Escape / blur empty).
       // The "+" buttons are already hidden in this state, but a stale
       // click that beats the re-render is still possible.
       setPendingAttendee((prev) =>
-        prev ? prev : { meetingId, attendanceType, key: Date.now() },
+        prev ? prev : { meetingId, attendanceType, kind, key: Date.now() },
       );
     },
     [],
@@ -1000,6 +1022,7 @@ function ScheduleSection({
       meeting: Meeting,
       attendanceType: Attendee["attendanceType"],
       html: string,
+      kind: "person" | "subheading" = "person",
     ) => {
       // Always clear pending — whether we end up persisting or not.
       setPendingAttendee(null);
@@ -1020,12 +1043,14 @@ function ScheduleSection({
           title: a.title,
           attendanceType: a.attendanceType,
           sortOrder: a.sortOrder,
+          kind: a.kind ?? "person",
         })),
         {
           name: html,
           title: null as string | null,
           attendanceType,
           sortOrder: maxSort + 1,
+          kind,
         },
       ];
       try {
@@ -2372,15 +2397,18 @@ function MeetingRow({
   pendingAttendee?: {
     meetingId: number;
     attendanceType: Attendee["attendanceType"];
+    kind: "person" | "subheading";
     key: number;
   } | null;
   onStartAddAttendee?: (
     meetingId: number,
     attendanceType: Attendee["attendanceType"],
+    kind?: "person" | "subheading",
   ) => void;
   onCommitAddAttendee?: (
     attendanceType: Attendee["attendanceType"],
     html: string,
+    kind?: "person" | "subheading",
   ) => Promise<void>;
   onCancelAddAttendee?: () => void;
   bulkSelectable: boolean;
@@ -3052,27 +3080,38 @@ function AttendeesCell({
   pendingAttendee?: {
     meetingId: number;
     attendanceType: Attendee["attendanceType"];
+    kind: "person" | "subheading";
     key: number;
   } | null;
   onStartAddAttendee?: (
     meetingId: number,
     attendanceType: Attendee["attendanceType"],
+    kind?: "person" | "subheading",
   ) => void;
   onCommitAddAttendee?: (
     attendanceType: Attendee["attendanceType"],
     html: string,
+    kind?: "person" | "subheading",
   ) => Promise<void>;
   onCancelAddAttendee?: () => void;
 }) {
   // Build (attendee, originalIndex) tuples so attendees can be sliced into
   // virtual/internal/external groups while still referring back to their
-  // index in `meeting.attendees` (needed by the PUT save endpoint).
+  // index in `meeting.attendees` (needed by the PUT save endpoint). Each
+  // tuple keeps both person and subheading rows; AttendeeFlow is in charge
+  // of skipping subheadings when computing the running "1-, 2-…" index.
   const tagged = meeting.attendees.map((a, i) => ({ a, i }));
   const virtual = tagged.filter(({ a }) => a.attendanceType === "virtual");
   const internal = tagged.filter(({ a }) => a.attendanceType === "internal");
   const external = tagged.filter(({ a }) => a.attendanceType === "external");
+  // A group "exists" only if it has at least one person — a section that
+  // contains nothing but stray subheadings would not warrant its own
+  // header label, so the split layout shouldn't switch on for it alone.
+  const hasPersons = (
+    rows: { a: Attendee; i: number }[],
+  ) => rows.some(({ a }) => (a.kind ?? "person") === "person");
   const hasSplit =
-    virtual.length > 0 && (internal.length > 0 || external.length > 0);
+    hasPersons(virtual) && (hasPersons(internal) || hasPersons(external));
 
   const platformLabel: Record<Meeting["platform"], string> = {
     none: "",
@@ -3091,13 +3130,19 @@ function AttendeesCell({
   //    by clicking "+" in a different row while one is already open.
   const isPendingForThisMeeting =
     !!pendingAttendee && pendingAttendee.meetingId === meeting.id;
-  const isPendingFor = (type: Attendee["attendanceType"]) =>
+  // True when the ghost is open in THIS meeting + group, regardless of
+  // kind. Used by the parent layout to decide whether to render the
+  // group at all (a brand-new "+ subheading" inside a so-far-empty
+  // virtual group still needs the virtual section to mount).
+  const isPendingForType = (type: Attendee["attendanceType"]) =>
     isPendingForThisMeeting && pendingAttendee!.attendanceType === type;
   const hasAnyPending = !!pendingAttendee;
 
   const startAdd = onStartAddAttendee
-    ? (type: Attendee["attendanceType"]) =>
-        onStartAddAttendee(meeting.id, type)
+    ? (
+        type: Attendee["attendanceType"],
+        kind: "person" | "subheading" = "person",
+      ) => onStartAddAttendee(meeting.id, type, kind)
     : undefined;
 
   const commitAdd = onCommitAddAttendee;
@@ -3106,21 +3151,29 @@ function AttendeesCell({
   const flowProps = {
     canMutate,
     onSaveAttendeeName,
+    pendingKind: (pendingAttendee?.kind ?? "person") as "person" | "subheading",
     isPending: false,
     pendingKey: pendingAttendee?.key ?? 0,
     onStartAdd: hasAnyPending ? undefined : startAdd,
     onCommitAdd: commitAdd,
     onCancelAdd: cancelAdd,
     addLabel: t("executiveMeetings.schedule.addAttendee"),
+    addSubheadingLabel: t("executiveMeetings.schedule.addSubheading"),
     editAriaLabel: t("executiveMeetings.schedule.editAttendeeAria"),
     newAriaLabel: t("executiveMeetings.schedule.newAttendeeAria"),
+    editSubheadingAriaLabel: t(
+      "executiveMeetings.schedule.editSubheadingAria",
+    ),
+    newSubheadingAriaLabel: t(
+      "executiveMeetings.schedule.newSubheadingAria",
+    ),
     meetingId: meeting.id,
   };
 
   if (hasSplit) {
     return (
       <div className="space-y-2">
-        {(virtual.length > 0 || isPendingFor("virtual")) && (
+        {(virtual.length > 0 || isPendingForType("virtual")) && (
           <AttendeeGroup
             label={
               meeting.platform !== "none"
@@ -3130,25 +3183,25 @@ function AttendeesCell({
             items={virtual}
             addType="virtual"
             {...flowProps}
-            isPending={isPendingFor("virtual")}
+            isPending={isPendingForType("virtual")}
           />
         )}
-        {(internal.length > 0 || isPendingFor("internal")) && (
+        {(internal.length > 0 || isPendingForType("internal")) && (
           <AttendeeGroup
             label={t("executiveMeetings.internalAttendance")}
             items={internal}
             addType="internal"
             {...flowProps}
-            isPending={isPendingFor("internal")}
+            isPending={isPendingForType("internal")}
           />
         )}
-        {(external.length > 0 || isPendingFor("external")) && (
+        {(external.length > 0 || isPendingForType("external")) && (
           <AttendeeGroup
             label={t("executiveMeetings.externalAttendance")}
             items={external}
             addType="external"
             {...flowProps}
-            isPending={isPendingFor("external")}
+            isPending={isPendingForType("external")}
           />
         )}
         {/* Add chips for groups that don't yet exist for this meeting. */}
@@ -3196,7 +3249,7 @@ function AttendeesCell({
         items={virtual}
         addType="virtual"
         {...flowProps}
-        isPending={isPendingFor("virtual")}
+        isPending={isPendingForType("virtual")}
       />
     );
   }
@@ -3207,7 +3260,7 @@ function AttendeesCell({
       items={tagged}
       addType={singleGroupType}
       {...flowProps}
-      isPending={isPendingFor(singleGroupType)}
+      isPending={isPendingForType(singleGroupType)}
     />
   );
 }
@@ -3240,16 +3293,27 @@ type AttendeeFlowSharedProps = {
   onSaveAttendeeName?: (idx: number, html: string) => Promise<void>;
   addType: Attendee["attendanceType"];
   isPending: boolean;
+  // Which kind of ghost is being added — drives where in the flex flow
+  // the pending EditableCell is rendered (inline person at the end of the
+  // numbered list, or a full-width subheading line).
+  pendingKind: "person" | "subheading";
   pendingKey: number;
-  onStartAdd?: (type: Attendee["attendanceType"]) => void;
+  onStartAdd?: (
+    type: Attendee["attendanceType"],
+    kind?: "person" | "subheading",
+  ) => void;
   onCommitAdd?: (
     type: Attendee["attendanceType"],
     html: string,
+    kind?: "person" | "subheading",
   ) => Promise<void>;
   onCancelAdd?: () => void;
   addLabel: string;
+  addSubheadingLabel: string;
   editAriaLabel: string;
   newAriaLabel: string;
+  editSubheadingAriaLabel: string;
+  newSubheadingAriaLabel: string;
   meetingId: number;
 };
 
@@ -3283,76 +3347,130 @@ function AttendeeFlow({
   onSaveAttendeeName,
   addType,
   isPending,
+  pendingKind,
   pendingKey,
   onStartAdd,
   onCommitAdd,
   onCancelAdd,
   addLabel,
+  addSubheadingLabel,
   editAriaLabel,
   newAriaLabel,
+  editSubheadingAriaLabel,
+  newSubheadingAriaLabel,
 }: { items: AttendeeWithIndex[] } & AttendeeFlowSharedProps) {
   const editable = canMutate && !!onSaveAttendeeName;
   const showAdd = canMutate && !!onStartAdd && !isPending;
 
+  // Person count drives the running "1-, 2-…" index. Subheadings are
+  // labels, not attendees, so they must NOT advance the counter.
+  const personCount = items.reduce(
+    (n, { a }) => n + ((a.kind ?? "person") === "person" ? 1 : 0),
+    0,
+  );
+
   if (items.length === 0 && !showAdd && !isPending) {
     return <span className="text-xs text-gray-500">—</span>;
   }
 
+  // Walking counter — incremented only as we render person rows.
+  let personIdx = 0;
+
   return (
     <ul className="flex flex-wrap justify-center items-baseline gap-x-4 gap-y-0.5 text-[#0B1E3F] leading-snug">
-      {items.map(({ a, i }, displayIdx) => (
-        <li
-          key={a.id ?? i}
-          data-testid={`em-attendee-row-${i}`}
-          // `inline-flex items-baseline` keeps the index prefix and the
-          // name as flex siblings on the same line. The `[&_p]` utilities
-          // on the inner wrappers below flatten tiptap's block `<p>` (with
-          // its default 1em margins) so the rendered name stays inline.
-          className={
-            "inline-flex items-baseline whitespace-nowrap" +
-            (editable ? " min-w-[3rem]" : "")
-          }
-        >
-          {items.length > 1 && (
-            <span
-              data-testid={`em-attendee-index-${i}`}
-              className="text-gray-500 me-1"
+      {items.map(({ a, i }) => {
+        const isSub = (a.kind ?? "person") === "subheading";
+        if (isSub) {
+          // Subheading row: full-width line break inside the flex-wrap so
+          // it visually separates the persons before/after. No leading
+          // index, no inline-flex — pure label.
+          return (
+            <li
+              key={a.id ?? `sub-${i}`}
+              data-testid={`em-attendee-subheading-${i}`}
+              data-attendee-kind="subheading"
+              className="basis-full text-center font-semibold text-[#0B1E3F]/90 mt-1.5 mb-0.5 leading-snug"
             >
-              {displayIdx + 1}-
-            </span>
-          )}
-          {editable ? (
-            <EditableCell
-              value={a.name}
-              onSave={(html) => onSaveAttendeeName!(i, html)}
-              ariaLabel={editAriaLabel}
-              dir="auto"
-              placeholder="…"
-              // `[&>span_p]:inline [&>span_p]:m-0` only matches the view-mode
-              // shell (`div > span > p`); the active editor's
-              // `div > div > EditorContent` does NOT match, so Enter still
-              // creates a real new paragraph inside the editor.
-              className="inline-block align-baseline min-w-[3rem] min-h-[1.5rem] px-0.5 py-0.5 [&>span_p]:inline [&>span_p]:m-0 border-b border-dashed border-gray-400/70 hover:border-blue-500 data-[editing=true]:border-b-0 print:border-b-0 print:py-0 print:min-h-0"
-              testId={`em-edit-attendee-${i}`}
-            />
-          ) : (
-            <span
-              data-testid={`em-attendee-name-${i}`}
-              className="[&_p]:inline [&_p]:m-0"
-              dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: safeHtml(a.name) }}
-            />
-          )}
-        </li>
-      ))}
-      {canMutate && isPending && onCommitAdd && (
+              {editable ? (
+                <EditableCell
+                  value={a.name}
+                  onSave={(html) => onSaveAttendeeName!(i, html)}
+                  ariaLabel={editSubheadingAriaLabel}
+                  dir="auto"
+                  placeholder="…"
+                  className="inline-block align-baseline min-w-[6rem] min-h-[1.5rem] px-0.5 py-0.5 [&>span_p]:inline [&>span_p]:m-0 border-b border-dashed border-gray-400/70 hover:border-blue-500 data-[editing=true]:border-b-0 print:border-b-0 print:py-0 print:min-h-0"
+                  testId={`em-edit-subheading-${i}`}
+                />
+              ) : (
+                <span
+                  data-testid={`em-subheading-name-${i}`}
+                  className="[&_p]:inline [&_p]:m-0"
+                  dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: safeHtml(a.name) }}
+                />
+              )}
+            </li>
+          );
+        }
+        // Person row — capture index BEFORE incrementing so the displayed
+        // number matches what the user expects (1-based).
+        const myDisplayIdx = personIdx;
+        personIdx += 1;
+        return (
+          <li
+            key={a.id ?? i}
+            data-testid={`em-attendee-row-${i}`}
+            // `inline-flex items-baseline` keeps the index prefix and the
+            // name as flex siblings on the same line. The `[&_p]` utilities
+            // on the inner wrappers below flatten tiptap's block `<p>` (with
+            // its default 1em margins) so the rendered name stays inline.
+            className={
+              "inline-flex items-baseline whitespace-nowrap" +
+              (editable ? " min-w-[3rem]" : "")
+            }
+          >
+            {personCount > 1 && (
+              <span
+                data-testid={`em-attendee-index-${i}`}
+                className="text-gray-500 me-1"
+              >
+                {myDisplayIdx + 1}-
+              </span>
+            )}
+            {editable ? (
+              <EditableCell
+                value={a.name}
+                onSave={(html) => onSaveAttendeeName!(i, html)}
+                ariaLabel={editAriaLabel}
+                dir="auto"
+                placeholder="…"
+                // `[&>span_p]:inline [&>span_p]:m-0` only matches the view-mode
+                // shell (`div > span > p`); the active editor's
+                // `div > div > EditorContent` does NOT match, so Enter still
+                // creates a real new paragraph inside the editor.
+                className="inline-block align-baseline min-w-[3rem] min-h-[1.5rem] px-0.5 py-0.5 [&>span_p]:inline [&>span_p]:m-0 border-b border-dashed border-gray-400/70 hover:border-blue-500 data-[editing=true]:border-b-0 print:border-b-0 print:py-0 print:min-h-0"
+                testId={`em-edit-attendee-${i}`}
+              />
+            ) : (
+              <span
+                data-testid={`em-attendee-name-${i}`}
+                className="[&_p]:inline [&_p]:m-0"
+                dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: safeHtml(a.name) }}
+              />
+            )}
+          </li>
+        );
+      })}
+      {canMutate && isPending && pendingKind === "person" && onCommitAdd && (
         <li className="min-w-[6rem]" data-testid={`em-add-attendee-pending-${addType}`}>
-          <span className="text-gray-500 me-1">{items.length + 1}-</span>
+          {personCount > 0 && (
+            <span className="text-gray-500 me-1">{personCount + 1}-</span>
+          )}
           <EditableCell
             // pendingKey changes every time the user clicks "+" so React
             // remounts the editor with a fresh focus.
             key={`pending-${pendingKey}`}
             value=""
-            onSave={(html) => onCommitAdd(addType, html)}
+            onSave={(html) => onCommitAdd(addType, html, "person")}
             ariaLabel={newAriaLabel}
             dir="auto"
             placeholder="…"
@@ -3367,18 +3485,54 @@ function AttendeeFlow({
           />
         </li>
       )}
-      {showAdd && (
-        <li className="print:hidden">
-          <button
-            type="button"
-            onClick={() => onStartAdd!(addType)}
-            data-testid={`em-add-attendee-${addType}`}
-            aria-label={addLabel}
-            className="text-xs text-blue-600 hover:text-blue-700 hover:bg-blue-50 rounded px-2 py-1 min-h-[1.5rem] border border-dashed border-blue-300 hover:border-blue-500 transition-colors"
+      {canMutate &&
+        isPending &&
+        pendingKind === "subheading" &&
+        onCommitAdd && (
+          <li
+            className="basis-full text-center font-semibold text-[#0B1E3F]/90 mt-1.5 mb-0.5"
+            data-testid={`em-add-subheading-pending-${addType}`}
           >
-            +
-          </button>
-        </li>
+            <EditableCell
+              key={`pending-sub-${pendingKey}`}
+              value=""
+              onSave={(html) => onCommitAdd(addType, html, "subheading")}
+              ariaLabel={newSubheadingAriaLabel}
+              dir="auto"
+              placeholder="…"
+              className="inline-block align-baseline min-w-[6rem] min-h-[1.5rem] px-0.5 py-0.5 border-b border-dashed border-blue-500 data-[editing=true]:border-b-0 print:border-b-0 print:py-0 print:min-h-0"
+              testId={`em-add-subheading-pending-input-${addType}`}
+              startInEditMode
+              forceSaveOnBlur
+              onCancel={onCancelAdd}
+            />
+          </li>
+        )}
+      {showAdd && (
+        <>
+          <li className="print:hidden">
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              onClick={() => onStartAdd!(addType, "person")}
+              data-testid={`em-add-attendee-${addType}`}
+              aria-label={addLabel}
+              className="text-xs text-blue-600 hover:text-blue-700 hover:bg-blue-50 rounded px-2 py-1 min-h-[1.5rem] border border-dashed border-blue-300 hover:border-blue-500 transition-colors"
+            >
+              +
+            </button>
+          </li>
+          <li className="print:hidden">
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              onClick={() => onStartAdd!(addType, "subheading")}
+              data-testid={`em-add-subheading-${addType}`}
+              aria-label={addSubheadingLabel}
+              className="text-[10px] text-blue-600 hover:text-blue-700 hover:bg-blue-50 rounded-full px-2 py-0.5 min-h-[1.25rem] border border-dashed border-blue-300 hover:border-blue-500 transition-colors"
+            >
+              {addSubheadingLabel}
+            </button>
+          </li>
+        </>
       )}
     </ul>
   );
@@ -3530,6 +3684,9 @@ function ManageSection({
         title: a.title,
         attendanceType: a.attendanceType,
         sortOrder: idx,
+        // Round-trip the row kind so subheadings created in the inline
+        // schedule survive a save through the Manage dialog.
+        kind: a.kind ?? "person",
       })),
     };
     if (editing.dailyNumber.trim()) body.dailyNumber = Number(editing.dailyNumber);
@@ -3632,7 +3789,12 @@ function ManageSection({
                     {isRtl ? m.titleAr : m.titleEn || m.titleAr}
                   </div>
                   <div className="text-xs text-gray-500">
-                    {m.attendees.length} · {m.platform}
+                    {
+                      m.attendees.filter(
+                        (a) => (a.kind ?? "person") === "person",
+                      ).length
+                    }{" "}
+                    · {m.platform}
                   </div>
                 </td>
                 <td className="px-3 py-2 align-middle font-mono text-xs whitespace-nowrap" dir="ltr">
@@ -3758,7 +3920,33 @@ function MeetingFormDialog({
       ...state,
       attendees: [
         ...state.attendees,
-        { name: "", title: null, attendanceType: "internal", sortOrder: state.attendees.length },
+        {
+          name: "",
+          title: null,
+          attendanceType: "internal",
+          sortOrder: state.attendees.length,
+          kind: "person",
+        },
+      ],
+    });
+  }
+  function addSubheading() {
+    onChange({
+      ...state,
+      attendees: [
+        ...state.attendees,
+        {
+          name: "",
+          // Subheadings have no separate title field — they are a single
+          // free-text label. Keep title null on the row to match what the
+          // server stores.
+          title: null,
+          // Default new subheadings into "internal" — the user can switch
+          // the section via the same Select that persons use.
+          attendanceType: "internal",
+          sortOrder: state.attendees.length,
+          kind: "subheading",
+        },
       ],
     });
   }
@@ -3904,7 +4092,14 @@ function MeetingFormDialog({
         <div className="border-t border-gray-200 pt-3 mt-1">
           <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-2 gap-2 flex-wrap">
             <h4 className="font-semibold text-sm text-[#0B1E3F]">
-              {t("executiveMeetings.manage.attendees.label")} ({state.attendees.length})
+              {t("executiveMeetings.manage.attendees.label")} (
+              {
+                // Persons only — subheadings are labels, not attendees.
+                state.attendees.filter(
+                  (a) => (a.kind ?? "person") === "person",
+                ).length
+              }
+              )
             </h4>
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
               {state.attendees.length > 0 && (
@@ -3919,6 +4114,16 @@ function MeetingFormDialog({
                   {t("executiveMeetings.manage.attendees.removeAll")}
                 </Button>
               )}
+              <Button
+                size="sm"
+                variant="outline"
+                onClick={addSubheading}
+                className="gap-1"
+                data-testid="em-attendee-add-subheading"
+              >
+                <Plus className="w-4 h-4" />
+                {t("executiveMeetings.manage.attendees.addSubheading")}
+              </Button>
               <Button
                 size="sm"
                 variant="outline"
@@ -3932,73 +4137,98 @@ function MeetingFormDialog({
             </div>
           </div>
           <div className="space-y-2">
-            {state.attendees.map((a, i) => (
-              <div
-                key={i}
-                className="flex items-center gap-2"
-                data-testid={`em-attendee-row-${i}`}
-              >
-                <div className="flex flex-col">
-                  <Button
-                    size="icon"
-                    variant="ghost"
-                    className="h-5 w-5"
-                    onClick={() => moveAttendee(i, -1)}
-                    disabled={i === 0}
-                    aria-label={t("executiveMeetings.manage.attendees.moveUp")}
-                    data-testid={`em-attendee-up-${i}`}
+            {state.attendees.map((a, i) => {
+              const isSub = (a.kind ?? "person") === "subheading";
+              return (
+                <div
+                  key={i}
+                  className={
+                    "flex items-center gap-2" +
+                    (isSub ? " bg-blue-50/60 rounded px-2 py-1" : "")
+                  }
+                  data-testid={`em-attendee-row-${i}`}
+                  data-attendee-kind={a.kind ?? "person"}
+                >
+                  <div className="flex flex-col">
+                    <Button
+                      size="icon"
+                      variant="ghost"
+                      className="h-5 w-5"
+                      onClick={() => moveAttendee(i, -1)}
+                      disabled={i === 0}
+                      aria-label={t("executiveMeetings.manage.attendees.moveUp")}
+                      data-testid={`em-attendee-up-${i}`}
+                    >
+                      <ChevronUp className="w-3 h-3" />
+                    </Button>
+                    <Button
+                      size="icon"
+                      variant="ghost"
+                      className="h-5 w-5"
+                      onClick={() => moveAttendee(i, 1)}
+                      disabled={i === state.attendees.length - 1}
+                      aria-label={t("executiveMeetings.manage.attendees.moveDown")}
+                      data-testid={`em-attendee-down-${i}`}
+                    >
+                      <ChevronDown className="w-3 h-3" />
+                    </Button>
+                  </div>
+                  {isSub && (
+                    // Tiny chip so the row visually reads as "this is a
+                    // subheading" instead of just an empty-title attendee.
+                    <span
+                      className="inline-flex items-center text-[10px] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide text-blue-700 bg-blue-100 rounded-full px-2 py-0.5"
+                      data-testid={`em-attendee-kind-badge-${i}`}
+                    >
+                      {t("executiveMeetings.manage.attendees.subheadingBadge")}
+                    </span>
+                  )}
+                  <Input
+                    className={isSub ? "flex-[2]" : "flex-1"}
+                    placeholder={
+                      isSub
+                        ? t("executiveMeetings.manage.attendees.subheadingName")
+                        : t("executiveMeetings.manage.attendees.name")
+                    }
+                    value={a.name}
+                    onChange={(e) => setAttendee(i, { name: e.target.value })}
+                  />
+                  {!isSub && (
+                    <Input
+                      className="flex-1"
+                      placeholder={t("executiveMeetings.manage.attendees.title")}
+                      value={a.title ?? ""}
+                      onChange={(e) =>
+                        setAttendee(i, { title: e.target.value || null })
+                      }
+                      data-testid={`em-attendee-title-${i}`}
+                    />
+                  )}
+                  <Select
+                    value={a.attendanceType}
+                    onValueChange={(v) =>
+                      setAttendee(i, {
+                        attendanceType: v as Attendee["attendanceType"],
+                      })
+                    }
                   >
-                    <ChevronUp className="w-3 h-3" />
-                  </Button>
-                  <Button
-                    size="icon"
-                    variant="ghost"
-                    className="h-5 w-5"
-                    onClick={() => moveAttendee(i, 1)}
-                    disabled={i === state.attendees.length - 1}
-                    aria-label={t("executiveMeetings.manage.attendees.moveDown")}
-                    data-testid={`em-attendee-down-${i}`}
-                  >
-                    <ChevronDown className="w-3 h-3" />
+                    <SelectTrigger className="w-32">
+                      <SelectValue />
+                    </SelectTrigger>
+                    <SelectContent>
+                      {(["internal", "virtual", "external"] as const).map((tp) => (
+                        <SelectItem key={tp} value={tp}>
+                          {t(`executiveMeetings.manage.attendanceType.${tp}`)}
+                        </SelectItem>
+                      ))}
+                    </SelectContent>
+                  </Select>
+                  <Button size="icon" variant="ghost" onClick={() => removeAttendee(i)}>
+                    <Trash2 className="w-4 h-4 text-red-600" />
                   </Button>
                 </div>
-                <Input
-                  className="flex-1"
-                  placeholder={t("executiveMeetings.manage.attendees.name")}
-                  value={a.name}
-                  onChange={(e) => setAttendee(i, { name: e.target.value })}
-                />
-                <Input
-                  className="flex-1"
-                  placeholder={t("executiveMeetings.manage.attendees.title")}
-                  value={a.title ?? ""}
-                  onChange={(e) =>
-                    setAttendee(i, { title: e.target.value || null })
-                  }
-                  data-testid={`em-attendee-title-${i}`}
-                />
-                <Select
-                  value={a.attendanceType}
-                  onValueChange={(v) =>
-                    setAttendee(i, { attendanceType: v as Attendee["attendanceType"] })
-                  }
-                >
-                  <SelectTrigger className="w-32">
-                    <SelectValue />
-                  </SelectTrigger>
-                  <SelectContent>
-                    {(["internal", "virtual", "external"] as const).map((tp) => (
-                      <SelectItem key={tp} value={tp}>
-                        {t(`executiveMeetings.manage.attendanceType.${tp}`)}
-                      </SelectItem>
-                    ))}
-                  </SelectContent>
-                </Select>
-                <Button size="icon" variant="ghost" onClick={() => removeAttendee(i)}>
-                  <Trash2 className="w-4 h-4 text-red-600" />
-                </Button>
-              </div>
-            ))}
+              );
+            })}
             {state.attendees.length === 0 && (
               <div className="text-xs text-gray-500">—</div>
             )}
diff --git a/artifacts/tx-os/tests/executive-meetings-attendee-subheadings.spec.mjs b/artifacts/tx-os/tests/executive-meetings-attendee-subheadings.spec.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ddf03f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artifacts/tx-os/tests/executive-meetings-attendee-subheadings.spec.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+import { test, expect } from "@playwright/test";
+import pg from "pg";
+import { readFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import { fileURLToPath } from "node:url";
+import { dirname, join } from "node:path";
+
+const __dirname = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+
+// Load the same locale bundles the app reads from so any copy edits to
+// the subheading labels stay covered without test churn.
+function loadLocale(lang) {
+  const p = join(__dirname, "..", "src", "locales", `${lang}.json`);
+  return JSON.parse(readFileSync(p, "utf8"));
+}
+const localeBundles = { en: loadLocale("en"), ar: loadLocale("ar") };
+
+// E2E coverage for Task #207 — custom subheadings inside the attendees
+// cell. Subheadings are user-defined section labels that live alongside
+// person rows in a meeting's attendee list, but are NOT counted as
+// attendees and do NOT advance the running "1-, 2-, 3-…" person index.
+//
+// What we verify:
+//   1. Mixed group: a meeting with 2 internal persons + 1 subheading
+//      between them + 1 more person renders all four rows. The
+//      subheading carries `data-testid="em-attendee-subheading-…"`,
+//      and the three persons get the indices 1-, 2-, 3-.
+//   2. Zero subheading: a meeting with only persons keeps the legacy
+//      numbering exactly as before (no extra "subheading" testids,
+//      no off-by-one).
+// Both scenarios run in BOTH locales so the RTL/LTR mirror behaves the
+// same.
+
+const DATABASE_URL = process.env.DATABASE_URL;
+if (!DATABASE_URL) {
+  throw new Error(
+    "DATABASE_URL must be set to run the executive-meetings subheading UI tests",
+  );
+}
+// Parse to silence the "unused" lint until we use the bundle below.
+void localeBundles;
+
+const pool = new pg.Pool({ connectionString: DATABASE_URL });
+const createdMeetingIds = [];
+
+// Pick a far-future, randomised base so we never collide with real
+// scheduled meetings while running side by side with other specs that
+// also seed in the future.
+const RANDOM_DATE_BASE_DAYS =
+  900 + Math.floor(Math.random() * 1000) + ((Date.now() / 1000) | 0) % 500;
+function uniqueFutureDate(offsetDays) {
+  const d = new Date();
+  d.setUTCDate(d.getUTCDate() + RANDOM_DATE_BASE_DAYS + offsetDays * 7);
+  return d.toISOString().slice(0, 10);
+}
+
+async function insertMeeting({
+  meetingDate,
+  dailyNumber,
+  titleEn,
+  titleAr,
+  startTime,
+  endTime,
+}) {
+  const { rows } = await pool.query(
+    `INSERT INTO executive_meetings
+       (daily_number, title_ar, title_en, meeting_date, start_time, end_time, status)
+     VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, 'scheduled')
+     RETURNING id`,
+    [dailyNumber, titleAr, titleEn, meetingDate, startTime, endTime],
+  );
+  const id = rows[0].id;
+  createdMeetingIds.push(id);
+  return id;
+}
+
+async function insertAttendee({
+  meetingId,
+  name,
+  attendanceType,
+  sortOrder,
+  kind,
+}) {
+  await pool.query(
+    `INSERT INTO executive_meeting_attendees
+       (meeting_id, name, attendance_type, sort_order, kind)
+     VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5)`,
+    [meetingId, name, attendanceType, sortOrder, kind ?? "person"],
+  );
+}
+
+async function loginViaUi(page) {
+  await page.goto("/login");
+  await page.locator("#username").fill("admin");
+  await page.locator("#password").fill("admin123");
+  await Promise.all([
+    page.waitForURL((url) => !url.pathname.endsWith("/login"), {
+      timeout: 15_000,
+    }),
+    page.locator('form button[type="submit"]').click(),
+  ]);
+}
+
+let originalAdminPreferredLanguage = null;
+async function setAdminPreferredLanguage(lang) {
+  const { rows } = await pool.query(
+    `UPDATE users SET preferred_language = $1
+     WHERE username = 'admin'
+     RETURNING preferred_language`,
+    [lang],
+  );
+  return rows[0]?.preferred_language;
+}
+
+test.beforeAll(async () => {
+  const { rows } = await pool.query(
+    `SELECT preferred_language FROM users WHERE username = 'admin'`,
+  );
+  originalAdminPreferredLanguage = rows[0]?.preferred_language ?? "ar";
+});
+
+test.afterAll(async () => {
+  if (originalAdminPreferredLanguage) {
+    await pool
+      .query(`UPDATE users SET preferred_language = $1 WHERE username = 'admin'`, [
+        originalAdminPreferredLanguage,
+      ])
+      .catch(() => {
+        /* best-effort */
+      });
+  }
+  if (createdMeetingIds.length > 0) {
+    await pool.query(
+      `DELETE FROM executive_meeting_attendees WHERE meeting_id = ANY($1::int[])`,
+      [createdMeetingIds],
+    );
+    await pool.query(
+      `DELETE FROM executive_meeting_audit_logs WHERE entity_type = 'meeting' AND entity_id = ANY($1::int[])`,
+      [createdMeetingIds],
+    );
+    await pool.query(
+      `DELETE FROM executive_meetings WHERE id = ANY($1::int[])`,
+      [createdMeetingIds],
+    );
+  }
+  await pool.end();
+});
+
+const langOffsets = { en: 1, ar: 2 };
+for (const lang of ["en", "ar"]) {
+  test(`Schedule [${lang}]: subheading rows render and do not advance the person index`, async ({
+    page,
+  }) => {
+    const date = uniqueFutureDate(langOffsets[lang]);
+    const meetingId = await insertMeeting({
+      meetingDate: date,
+      dailyNumber: 1,
+      titleEn: `Subheading Mixed ${lang} ${Date.now().toString(36)}`,
+      titleAr: `عنوان فرعي مختلط ${lang} ${Date.now().toString(36)}`,
+      startTime: "09:00:00",
+      endTime: "10:00:00",
+    });
+    // Internal group with a subheading wedged between the second and
+    // third person. After rendering we should see persons numbered
+    // 1-, 2-, 3- (subheading skipped) PLUS the subheading row itself.
+    await insertAttendee({
+      meetingId,
+      name: "Person Alpha",
+      attendanceType: "internal",
+      sortOrder: 0,
+      kind: "person",
+    });
+    await insertAttendee({
+      meetingId,
+      name: "Person Beta",
+      attendanceType: "internal",
+      sortOrder: 1,
+      kind: "person",
+    });
+    await insertAttendee({
+      meetingId,
+      // Distinctive label so the assertion below cannot trip on a
+      // person name that incidentally contains the same word.
+      name: "GuestsLabel-X9",
+      attendanceType: "internal",
+      sortOrder: 2,
+      kind: "subheading",
+    });
+    await insertAttendee({
+      meetingId,
+      name: "Person Gamma",
+      attendanceType: "internal",
+      sortOrder: 3,
+      kind: "person",
+    });
+
+    await setAdminPreferredLanguage(lang);
+    try {
+      await loginViaUi(page);
+      await page.goto("/executive-meetings");
+      await expect(page.locator("html")).toHaveAttribute("lang", lang, {
+        timeout: 5_000,
+      });
+      await page.locator('input[type="date"]').first().fill(date);
+
+      const row = page.getByTestId(`em-row-${meetingId}`);
+      await expect(row).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 });
+
+      // Exactly one subheading row in this meeting.
+      const subheadings = row.locator(
+        '[data-testid^="em-attendee-subheading-"]',
+      );
+      await expect(subheadings).toHaveCount(1, { timeout: 10_000 });
+      await expect(subheadings.first()).toContainText("GuestsLabel-X9");
+
+      // Three person rows rendered (subheading is excluded by the
+      // person-only `em-attendee-row-…` testid).
+      const personRows = row.locator('[data-testid^="em-attendee-row-"]');
+      await expect(personRows).toHaveCount(3);
+
+      // Three person indices in order — the subheading must not have
+      // bumped the counter to 4.
+      const indices = row.locator('[data-testid^="em-attendee-index-"]');
+      await expect(indices).toHaveCount(3);
+      const indexTexts = await indices.allInnerTexts();
+      const trimmed = indexTexts.map((s) => s.trim().replace(/\s+/g, ""));
+      expect(trimmed).toEqual(["1-", "2-", "3-"]);
+    } finally {
+      if (originalAdminPreferredLanguage) {
+        await setAdminPreferredLanguage(originalAdminPreferredLanguage).catch(
+          () => {
+            /* best-effort; afterAll also restores */
+          },
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  test(`Schedule [${lang}]: meeting with no subheadings still numbers persons 1..N with no stray subheading rows`, async ({
+    page,
+  }) => {
+    const date = uniqueFutureDate(langOffsets[lang] + 5);
+    const meetingId = await insertMeeting({
+      meetingDate: date,
+      dailyNumber: 1,
+      titleEn: `No Subheadings ${lang} ${Date.now().toString(36)}`,
+      titleAr: `بدون عناوين فرعية ${lang} ${Date.now().toString(36)}`,
+      startTime: "09:00:00",
+      endTime: "10:00:00",
+    });
+    await insertAttendee({
+      meetingId,
+      name: "Solo Person A",
+      attendanceType: "internal",
+      sortOrder: 0,
+      kind: "person",
+    });
+    await insertAttendee({
+      meetingId,
+      name: "Solo Person B",
+      attendanceType: "internal",
+      sortOrder: 1,
+      kind: "person",
+    });
+
+    await setAdminPreferredLanguage(lang);
+    try {
+      await loginViaUi(page);
+      await page.goto("/executive-meetings");
+      await expect(page.locator("html")).toHaveAttribute("lang", lang, {
+        timeout: 5_000,
+      });
+      await page.locator('input[type="date"]').first().fill(date);
+
+      const row = page.getByTestId(`em-row-${meetingId}`);
+      await expect(row).toBeVisible({ timeout: 15_000 });
+
+      // Zero subheadings — make sure the new code path didn't sneak
+      // one in for legacy "person"-only meetings.
+      const subheadings = row.locator(
+        '[data-testid^="em-attendee-subheading-"]',
+      );
+      await expect(subheadings).toHaveCount(0);
+
+      const indices = row.locator('[data-testid^="em-attendee-index-"]');
+      await expect(indices).toHaveCount(2);
+      const trimmed = (await indices.allInnerTexts()).map((s) =>
+        s.trim().replace(/\s+/g, ""),
+      );
+      expect(trimmed).toEqual(["1-", "2-"]);
+    } finally {
+      if (originalAdminPreferredLanguage) {
+        await setAdminPreferredLanguage(originalAdminPreferredLanguage).catch(
+          () => {
+            /* best-effort */
+          },
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/lib/db/src/schema/executive-meetings.ts b/lib/db/src/schema/executive-meetings.ts
index f281e21f..b5b785f1 100644
--- a/lib/db/src/schema/executive-meetings.ts
+++ b/lib/db/src/schema/executive-meetings.ts
@@ -74,12 +74,20 @@ export const executiveMeetingAttendeesTable = pgTable(
       .references(() => executiveMeetingsTable.id, { onDelete: "cascade" }),
     // attendee name holds sanitized rich-text HTML so it needs unbounded
     // length. Plain-text rows still render correctly (no tags = no parse).
+    // For `kind = "subheading"` rows, this column stores the user-written
+    // section label (free text, single value rendered as-is in AR and EN).
     name: text("name").notNull(),
     title: varchar("title", { length: 200 }),
     attendanceType: varchar("attendance_type", { length: 32 })
       .notNull()
       .default("internal"),
     sortOrder: integer("sort_order").notNull().default(0),
+    // "person"      — a real attendee row (default; matches all pre-existing
+    //                 data after backfill).
+    // "subheading"  — a user-defined section label inserted between attendees
+    //                 inside the same attendance-type group. Numbering, count,
+    //                 and virtual-platform extraction MUST ignore these rows.
+    kind: varchar("kind", { length: 16 }).notNull().default("person"),
   },
   (t) => ({
     meetingIdx: index("executive_meeting_attendees_meeting_idx").on(t.meetingId),